Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurotype that occurs in both children and adults.Recent evidence suggests that the ADHD neurotype is potentially as common as 1 in 10, though this is likely still an underestimate due to barriers many people experience in having their neurotype identified. ADHD is characterised by a persistent pattern of:
- Difficulties with regulating attention
- Needing a high degree of movement / stimulation, or Hyperactivity
- Stimulation / dopamine seeking behaviours or Impulsivity
that impact day to day living and development.
ADHD was first described in the early 20th century, and since then, our understanding of the neurotype has evolved significantly.
Is ADHD a mental illness?
Technically, ADHD is included and falls into the category of a mental illness as the symptoms impact;
That said, ADHD is better understood as a form of neurodivergence where the brain develops and functions differently. There is also evidence suggesting structural differences in the ADHD brain. In an ADHD brain, resources are allocated differently. For example, significant resources might be allocated to creativity, inventiveness, hyperfocus, energy, and spontaneity. As the brain does not have endless resources, this can lead to less resources in areas such as executive function, which in turn can result in difficulties with attention (for tasks perceived as less interesting), hyperactivity, impulsivity, and processing information. The ADHD nervous system is also interest based, meaning it is very difficult for ADHDers to engage in tasks and activities that do not capture the interest of or are not considered as being of “importance” enough.
At Exhale Psychology Centre we see ADHD as resulting from natural biodiversity in the population - it is neither superior or inferior and has its own strengths and weaknesses. It is worth noting that everyone's experience of ADHD can be different, and that society is largely geared towards neurotypicals, creating an excess of difficulties and stressors for neurodivergent individuals. These stressors reduce when appropriate accommodations are made and there is a good individual+environment fit.
ADHD Symptoms
ADHD symptoms can be divided into two main categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Some individuals may predominantly exhibit one category of symptoms, while others may experience a combination of both.
Inattention
- Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
- Trouble organising tasks and activities
- Frequently losing items necessary for tasks or activities
- Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
- Forgetfulness in daily activities
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity
- Fidgeting or squirming in one's seat
- Excessive running or climbing in inappropriate situations
- Difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly
- Excessive talking
- Interrupting or intruding on others' conversations or activities
Dr Russel Barkley, a clinical psychologist and professor of psychiatry, has said that ADHD is alot more complex than an issue with focus and hyperactivity, but is better understood as a performance condition, where the knowledge is there, but the brain cannot organise itself to perform efficiently.
What Causes ADHD?
The exact cause of ADHD is not yet fully understood, but potential contributing factors include:
- Family history - ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting a strong genetic component. Recent evidence suggests that neurotype is potentially up to 80% heritable.
- Brain structure and function - Studies have shown differences in the structure and function of certain brain regions in individuals with ADHD compared to those without the disorder
According to the Ecological Model, neurodiversity occurs as a result of natural biodiversity. In the words of Dr Nick Walker in her book Neuroqueer Heresies, "Neurodiversity is a natural, healthy, and important form biodiversity - a fundamental and vital characteristic of the species, a crucial source of evolutionary and creative potential."
Viewing neurodiversity through a biodiversity lens helps explain the increasing frequency of people identifying as neurodiverse.
ADHD Assessment and Diagnosis
Diagnosing ADHD can be challenging, as its symptoms often overlap significantly with those of other disorders (such as Bipolar Affective Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Autism, PTSD, substance abuse etc). A thorough assessment by a psychologist or psychiatrist is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis. This assessment may include:
- Clinical interviews with the individual and their family members, partner, or a close friend
- Behavioural observations
- Rating scales completed by parents,even for adults) and the individual themselves
- Neuropsychological testing to assess cognitive functioning
Importantly, the most meaningful part of an assessment is the clinician’s experience and understanding of ADHD, as well as their ability to accurately investigate and assess your internal experience.
Selected psychologists on our team are able provide comprehensive assessment and diagnosis. Please note that a diagnosis of ADHD does not qualify someone for the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS).
ADHD Treatment Options and Strategies
There is no "cure" for ADHD, but various treatment options can help manage symptoms and improve daily functioning. These may include:
- Medication - Stimulant medications are the most commonly prescribed treatment for ADHD, as they have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms in the majority of individuals. Non-stimulant medications may also be prescribed in some cases. Please note that psychiatrists are highly unlikely to prescribe stimulants if there is a history of substance abuse
- Therapy - Techniques such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) can help individuals with ADHD develop more flexible thinking, and accessing coping strategies that assist with improving organisational skills, time management, and social engagement
- Emerging evidence also suggests that mindfulness and self-compassion training may also be beneficial for ADHDers, including in improving their mental health outcomes
Tips for Managing ADHD
In addition to professional treatment, there are several strategies that individuals with ADHD can implement to manage symptoms and improve daily functioning:
- Establish routines - Creating and using a daily schedule or To-do list can help individuals with ADHD stay organised and focused
- Break tasks into smaller steps - Breaking tasks into smaller, more manageable steps can make them less overwhelming and easier to complete
- Use visual aids - Visual reminders, such as calendars, charts, or lists, can help individuals with ADHD stay on track with tasks and appointments
- Physical activity - Regular exercise (if adequately nourished) has been shown to have a positive impact on ADHD symptoms
- Practice relaxation techniques - Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or mindfulness can help reduce stress and improve focus
- Implementing and using personalised systems to support memory, such as setting frequent alarms or reminders for important tasks, putting important things in the same place all the time, etc.
ADHD is a complex and often misunderstood neurotype that (due to environment+individual mismatch resulting from society being geared towards neurotypicals) can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and quality of life. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of the neurotype and seeking accommodations, individuals with ADHD can be supported to reach their full potential.
Exhale Psychology now provides ADHD assessments. Book your initial appointment or learn more.
